EVIDENCE LIBRARY
Browse source-supported forensic toxicology guides in this subject area.
Oct 20, 2026
A 2015 18-mouse touchscreen study found higher reward effort after amphetamine, lower breakpoints with D2 antagonists, and important motor controls.
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A 20-soldier trial found that caffeine gum improved overnight vigilance and reasoning speed, but not live-fire friend–foe accuracy. Read the forensic limits.
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A 12-athlete caffeine crossover found better vigilance and simple reaction time but no significant reaction-time phase interaction or endurance benefit. Read the measured limits.
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A 20-man randomized crossover found worse 3-back performance with daily caffeine and withdrawal, but no change in task-load fMRI. Saliva testing was not a blood impairment test.
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A 24-person blinded crossover trial found caffeine reduced some vigilance deficits after 26 hours awake, but not the within-task rise in lapses or executive-task errors.
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A 17-man sham-controlled iTBS study found less visual orientation error after one session, but a nonsignificant fifth-session group contrast. Separate modeled capacity improved.
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In a 17-adult ADHD pilot, pNN50 did not predict stimulant-related anagram changes; exploratory HRV-creativity links failed multiplicity correction. No blood drug assay.
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A 63-child ADHD crossover found improved math productivity without significant gains on tested working-memory or motivation measures; parent-rated competence partly mediated output.
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In 36 allocated zebrafish, d-amphetamine increased Y-maze alternation after repeated exposure but reduced flexibility and movement. No blood drug concentrations or human impairment were measured.
Read guideOct 20, 2026
What 23 adults and two separate mouse cohorts reveal about oral or injected amphetamine, progressive-ratio persistence, EEG alpha null findings and forensic limits.
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